How To Spot The Symtoms  

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This page contains lots of information on what can be a very emotive subject. It is for INFORMATION ONLY. Whilst we attempt to be 100% correct in what we report, errors and omissions are taken as read. Please see Terms of site. We try to explain the subjects as clearly as possible. We often repeat information but this is only to reinforce it into your memories.

ALLERGIES -  hypersensitive reaction by the body to foreign substances - antigens,  that in similar amounts and circumstances are harmless within the bodies of other people.

Antigen - Any substance that the body regards as foreign and that therefore elicits an immune response. Antigens may be formed in, or introduced into, the body. They are usually proteins. Histo-compatibility antigens are associated with the tissues and are involved in the rejection of tissue or organ grafts; an example is the group of antigens encoded by the HLA system. A graft will be rejected if the recipient's body regards such antigens on the donor's tissues as foreign. 

Antigens that provoke an allergic reaction are called allergens. Typical allergens include pollens, drugs, lints, bacteria, foods, chemical sprays and dyes or chemicals. The immune system contains several mechanisms that normally protect the body against antigens. Prominent among these are the lymphocytes, cells that are specialized to react to specific antigens. There are two kinds of lymphocytes - B cells and T cells.

B cells produce antibodies, which are proteins that bind to and destroy or neutralize antigens. T cells do not produce antibodies; instead, they bind directly to an antigen and stimulate an attack on it. Allergic reactions can have immediate or delayed effects, depending on whether the antigen triggers a response by B cells or T cells.

Allergic reactions with immediate effects are the result of antibody-antigen responses (i.e., they are the products of B-cell stimulation).

These can be divided into three basic types.

ELEPHANTS - either of two species, Elephas maximus, the Indian elephant, and Loxodonta africana, the African elephant, of the family Elephantidae

During an average lifetime, in the Western World, we eat over 60,000 pounds, or over 27,000 kilograms of food. This is the weight of six large elephants. Much of it can cause us to have allergies, or not.

There maybe 20 million people in the UK, and 120 million in the USA,  who suffer with allergies, of some degree,  that is at least one person in three.  This is a three-fold increase in only 20 years. 

Type I reactions, which include hay fever, insect venom allergy, and asthma, involve the class of antibodies known as immunoglobulin E (IgE). IgE molecules are bound to mast cells, which are found in loose connective tissue. When enough antigen has bound with the IgE antibodies, the mast cells release granules of histamine and heparin and produce other agents such as the leukotrienes. These potent chemicals dilate blood vessels and constrict bronchial air passages.

Histamine is responsible for the visible symptoms of an allergic attack, such as running nose, wheezing, and tissue swelling.

A severe, often fatal, type I allergic reaction is known as anaphylaxis. The predisposition of a person to type I allergic reactions is genetically determined. The best protection against such allergies is avoidance of the offending substance. Antihistamine drugs are often used to give temporary relief. Another helpful measure is desensitization, in which increasing amounts of the antigen are injected over a period of time until the sufferer no longer experiences an allergic response.

A group of children with peanut allergies have had their condition effectively cured, doctors believe

February 2009

Histamine is an important protein involved in many allergic reactions.  Allergies are caused by an immune response to a normally innocuous substance such as  pollen and dust, that comes in contact with lymphocytes specific for that substance, or antigen.  In many cases, the lymphocyte triggered to respond is a mast cell.  For this response to occur, a free-floating IgE - an immunoglobulin associated with allergic response, molecule specific to the antigen must first be attached to cell surface receptors on mast cells.  Antigen binding to the mast cell-attached IgE then triggers the mast cell to respond.  This response often includes the release of histamine

Histamine - Biologically active substance found in a great variety of living organisms. It is distributed widely, albeit unevenly, throughout the animal kingdom and is present in many plants and bacteria and in insect venom. Histamine is chemically classified as an amine, an organic molecule based on the structure of ammonia (NH3). It is formed by the decarboxylation - the removal of a carboxyl group, of the amino acid histidine.

The English scientists George Barger and Henry H. Dale first isolated histamine from the plant fungus ergot in 1910, and in 1911 they isolated the substance from animal tissues. Plants that produce histamine include stinging nettles; the histamine in the hair like structures on nettle leaves is partly responsible for the swelling and itching produced by contact with them. Histamine is also the irritating ingredient present in the venom of many species of wasps and bees.

In humans histamine is found in nearly all tissues of the body, where it is stored primarily in the granules of tissue mast cells. The blood cells called basophils also harbor histamine-containing granules. Once released from its granules, histamine produces many varied effects within the body, including the contraction of smooth muscle tissues of the lungs, uterus, and stomach; the dilation of blood vessels, which increases permeability and lowers blood pressure; the stimulation of gastric acid secretion in the stomach; and the acceleration of heart rate. Histamine also serves as a neurotransmitter, carrying chemical messages between nerve cells.

The effect histamine has on blood vessels is crucial to its role in the immune response, which is most clearly glimpsed in inflammation i.e., the local reaction of bodily tissues to injury caused by physical damage, infection, or allergic reaction. Injured tissue mast cells release histamine, causing the surrounding blood vessels to dilate and increase in permeability. This allows fluid and cells of the immune system, such as leukocytes and blood plasma proteins, to leak from the bloodstream through the vessel walls and migrate to the site of tissue injury or infection, where they begin to fight the infection and nourish and heal the injured tissues.

In an allergic reaction the immune system's hypersensitivity reaction to usually harmless foreign substances (called antigens in this context) that enter the body-mast cells release histamine in inordinate amounts. Immune system proteins called antibodies, which are bound to mast cells, bind to the antigens to remove them, but in the process the mast cells are stimulated to release their histamines. This causes the visible symptoms of a localized allergic reaction, including runny nose, watery eyes, constriction of bronchi, and tissue swelling. Histamine also contributes to generalized allergic conditions such as anaphylaxis, a severe, immediate, and often fatal response to exposure to a previously encountered antigen.

Histamine works by binding to histamine receptors on the surface of cells. There are three kinds of receptors, called H1,H2, and H3. The activity of histamine can be blocked by various chemical drugs called antihistamines, which prevent the binding of histamine to these receptors. Conventional antihistamines used to treat allergies block H1 receptors and thus are called H1 antagonists. H2 antagonists are those drugs, such as cimetidine (Tagamet), that inhibit gastric acid secretion and are used to help heal peptic ulcers.

Type II reactions result when antibodies react with antigens that are found on certain target cells. The antigens may be natural components of healthy cells, or they may be extrinsic components induced by drugs or infectious microbes. The resultant antigen-antibody complex activates the complement system, a series of potent enzymes that destroy the target cell.

Type III reactions result when a person who has been strongly sensitized to a particular antigen is subsequently exposed to that antigen. In a type III reaction, the antigen-antibody complex becomes deposited on the walls of the small blood vessels. The complex then triggers the complement system, which produces inflammation and vascular damage. Unlike type I reactions, type II and type III reactions are not dependent on a genetic predisposition. Avoidance of known allergens is the best protection against such reactions.

Delayed, or type IV, allergic reactions are caused by the actions of T cells, which take longer to accumulate at the site where the antigen is present than do B-cell antibodies. The allergic responses appear 12 to 24 hours or more after exposure to an appropriate antigen. A common delayed allergic reaction is contact dermatitis, a skin disorder. The rejection of transplanted organs is also mediated by T cells and thus may be considered a delayed allergic response.

   Allergy    

Allergy    -   An abnormal reaction by the body to certain substances, including pollen, dust, certain foods and drugs, fur, moulds, etc. Normally all foreign substances - antigens, entering the body are destroyed by antibodies. Allergic people, however, become irregularly hypersensitive to certain antigens, and these are called allergens, so that whenever they are encountered after the first time, they irregularly stimulate not only the normal antibody reaction, but also the abnormal symptoms of the allergy, such as sneezing and skin rashes, and lastly Anaphylactic shock. You can get allergic reactions at any age, and they can start at any age, even with stuff you have been using all your life.

Allergic conditions include hay fever, some forms of asthma and dermatitis, urticaria, coma and death. Treatment includes the use of antihistamines and corticosteroids and adrenalin. 

You can get it at any age, but children are the most effected. 

MOLD SPORE

Fungi    -   A group of orgasms usually regarded as plants and including mushrooms, mildews, moulds, yeasts, etc. All fungi lack chlorophyll and therefore cannot manufacture their own food through photosynthesis. Some feed on dead organic matter; others are parasites. The body of most fungi consists of a network of branching threadlike structures  (hyphae), forming a mycelium. Sexual reproduction results in the formation of spores, which may be produced in a structure called a fruiting body: this is the visible part of mushrooms. Other fungi consist of single cells, which can reproduce asexually by simple division. Fungi are found worldwide. Some bring about decomposition of dead organic matter, like bacteria; others (e.g. Penicillium and Streptomyces) are a source of antibiotics. Many parasitic fungi cause diseases or destroy timber (see dry rot). Some fungi associate with algae to form lichens.

Fungi on humans are multi-celled, plant-like organisms that usually are not dangerous to a healthy person. Fungi cannot produce their own food from soil, water, and air, so instead, they get nutrition from plants, food, and animals in damp, warm environments, that is they feed off you as they would a rotting tree.  Puffballs can be a delicious food, but as they mature the insides develop into billions of tiny spores, if you breathe these fungus spores in it could put you on your back for weeks, with flu-like symptoms. In fact most 'colds' that we suffer from are actually allergic reactions to something or other.

Allergy - the classic sign of an allergy is sneezing.

 Allergies 

  Abnormal Reactions    

What is An Allergy ?

All About Allergies

The effects from allergies, whilst understood on a mechanical level, are often referred to being  idiopathic, that is not really knowing why they exist.

Allergy is a physiological outcome or reaction produced when the immune system wrongly identifies normally harmless substances as being detrimental to the body.

But it can also be psychological; often we will think that that we have  sniffed something, and if we know that we have a propensity to being sensitive to pollens, dust etc, we can get slight symptoms that mimic the real thing. For example, if someone with a bad cold, sneezes into your face, think how hard it is to convince yourself you are OK, and how quickly symptoms can start, when you know the cold would not have developed that quickly.

Physiology / physiological    -   The study of how living organisms and their constituent parts function. Physiology is closely linked with both anatomy and biochemistry.

Psychology is the scientific study of people, the mind and behaviour. It is both a thriving academic discipline and a vital professional practice

Anatomy  -   The study of the structure of living organisms. Early studies of human anatomy were made by the Greek physician Galen, in the 2nd century AD, but it was not until the 16th century that dissecting human corpses became acceptable and anatomists - notably Vesalius - made valuable contributions to the science. In the 17th century William Harvey discovered the circulation of blood and the development of the microscope enabled advances in the detailed structure of the body to be made by such microscopists as Malpighi, Leeuwenhoek, and Swammerdam. In the 20th century anatomy was greatly assisted by the development of the electron microscope, which allowed much finer detail to be studied. Specialized branches of anatomy include embryology (the study of development), histology (tissues), and cytology (cells).

Biochemistry  - The scientific study of the chemical composition and reactions of living organisms. Discovering the complex sequence of reactions involved in the digestion of food, the utilization of energy, the manufacture of new tissues, etc., gives us an understanding of an organisms metabolism. Biochemists are also concerned with the role of *genes, *hormones, and *enzymes in starting and controlling metabolic reactions.

For this article, the Body, a noun  - The  whole physical structure, including the bones, flesh, and organs, of a person or an animal, whether dead or alive. 

As a rule, the human-body defends itself against harmful foreign bodies, such as viruses, or germs, but sometimes the defense system also aggressively attacks usually seemingly innocent substances, such as dust, spores, mold, or pollen; substances that could normally be harmless. 

Some plastics or metals though, are inactive, benign or inert substances, and will be ignored by the immune system, as being invisible. Stainless Steel is the classic here, and it is often used in surgical procedures, with screws etc being left in the body.

In response to active material, the immune system generates large amounts of proteins that function as antibodies, these proteins are called immunoglobulin; complex chemical weaponry that attacks, engulfs and destroys any active substance that enters the body. The Immune system presumes that this active substance is the supposed enemy and it does its job through automatic instructions that have evolved over billions of generations. Active,  means that it is in a state, that is alive or can be changed by growing, or by chemical changes.

WHY

Occasionally, a propensity arises that makes the immune system attack these innocent substances. Each antibody specifically targets a particular allergen - the substance that causes the allergy. In this disease-fighting process, inflammatory chemicals like histamines, cytokines, and leukotrienes are released or produced, and some unpleasant and in some extreme cases, life-threatening symptoms may be experienced, by the person who has a propensity to be prone to allergies. 

In our ancestry the immune system evolved to help us, probably more than any other bodily function and because it did it a billion times something altered or mutated, that changed what Mother Nature designed it to do. This fault or propensity was carried on in the genetic line and either got stronger or weaker. This being, if your mother suffers with allergies and so does your father, there is a good chance that you will suffer also, as the condition runs in families, giving  a genetic predisposition to it.

But also it is believed that the mother's diet can affect her foetus, making a person sensitized in the womb, to a certain substance.

We are fast becoming allergic to our modern world. There maybe 20 million people in the UK, and 120 million in the USA,  who suffer with allergies, of some degree,  that is at least one person in three. This is a three-fold increase in only 20 years. 

Why this crucial change?  Many think we are too clean and our immune system is being conditioned to work to certain patterns and tolerations and thus will treat our outside world much differently than say it did 30 years ago. Those who suffer allergies have a different gut flora than those who do not. This means that there are different and or more good bacteria in people's stomachs, who do not suffer, than those who do.

Today we have much less dirt in our homes, especially in the kitchens and bathrooms. But our homes contain many more chemicals and by-products not seen before. There are a million more concoctions that we can be exposed to, that may or may not produce a reaction.  Outside is filled with fumes and chemicals, that were not about a few decades ago. Whether you breathe it in, or it gets into your mouth, your body will react to it to some degree.

Our food is fresher, and more germ free, and contains many more colors, E-Numbers, and preservatives and preventatives. Milk and many other products are pasteurized.  Our immune system developed over many thousands of years, and until recently, it was hit with a million germs / substances, throughout a lifetime. Today we almost live in a bubble, and so the immune system has taken on a different profile and looks to challenge other things, where it did not before, like food; maybe the Devil makes work for idle hands.

A reaction might be from something that has not happened before, you may be stung by a wasp or bee, and suffer no consequence. Stings like these are hugely complex chemical compounds.  Next time, because the body has changed in some attempt to protect you, the protection backfires.

It is a fault that happens because it does; in any operation or scenario that is repeated a billion times, chaos theory predicts that something will and almost must go wrong. Ask a factory worker who churns out a million widgets a day, whilst almost all might be perfect there will be some small peculiarity or effect that will happen that will make a small number of them imperfect and therefore rejected.

Immunity  -  The resistance of the body to infection, especially resistance due to antibodies. Babies have passive immunity from antibodies transferred from the mother's blood through the placenta. Active immunity involves the formation of antibodies after exposure to an antigen  - bacteria that invade the body during an infection are antigens. The two different kinds of immune response produced by antibodies involve: white blood cells called T-lymphocytes  -  produced by the thymus, which produce cells with antibody bound to their surface and are responsible for such reactions as graft rejection; B-lymphocytes, which produce cells that release free antibody into the blood.

Immunoglobulin - noun - Any of a group of related proteins functioning as antibodies.

What are Allergic Reactions?

An allergic reaction may take place anywhere in or on the body, in or on the skin, in or on the eyes, the lining of the stomach, nose, sinuses, throat, and lungs. These are places where battles usually take place; places where immune system cells are generally located to fight off invaders that are inhaled, swallowed, or come in contact with the skin.

Anaphylactic Shock

Anaphylactic shock is a severe systemic Type 1 consequence to having a serious allergic reaction to something called an antigen - a substance that produces antibodies, and it can happen very quickly. Large quantities of an antibody called immuno-globin E are formed in the body, these cause a variety of effects on the body's cells and tissues. In particular, it causes the body to release an excess amount of histamine, a very dangerous chemical in large doses.  It slows the heart-rate and reduces blood pressure to dangerous levels.

It is in fact an often fatal medical emergency, and requires an immediate injection of adrenalin and or large doses of antihistamine. But so quick is the adverse reaction that patients sometimes do not have enough time to inject themselves, with their Epi-Pen.

Anaphylaxis is a sudden, severe, potentially fatal, systemic allergic reaction that can involve various areas of the body (such as the skin, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and cardiovascular system). Symptoms occur within minutes to two hours after contact with the allergy-causing substance, but in rare instances may occur up to four hours later. Anaphylactic reactions can be mild to life-threatening. Individuals with asthma, eczema, or hay fever are at greater risk of experiencing anaphylaxis.

The leukocytes, or white blood cells, guard and protect the body against infecting organisms and foreign bodies, both in the tissues and in the bloodstream itself. Human blood contains about 5,000 to 10,000 leukocytes per cubic millimeter. This amount increases in the incidence of infection; the body will produce more and others will travel to an infection site. An extraordinary and prolonged proliferation of leukocytes is known as leukemia . This over production stifles the production of normal blood cells. Conversely, a sharp decrease in the number of leukocytes, called leukopenia,  strips the blood of its defense against infection, and is an equally critical condition. A dramatic fall in levels of certain white blood cells, occurs in persons with AIDS. Leukocytes as well as erythrocytes are formed from stem cells in the bone marrow. They have nuclei and are classified into two groups: granulocytes and agranulocytes.

The outward signs that  your body is responding to allergens give symptoms such as:

• Stuffy nose

• allergic conjunctivitis - red, itchy, watery eyes

• Runny nose

• Atopic dermatitis - Eczema - red, itchy, dry skin

• Sneezing, wheezing, shortness of breath

• urticaria - hives or itchy welts

• Itchy, watery eyes

• A drip in the back of the throat that may cause coughing

• contact dermatitis - itchy rash

• asthma - unexplained shortness of breath, coughing, 

• itching in ears or roof of mouth.

• Rhinitis - stuffiness, sneezing, nasal itching, nasal discharge

Although hundreds of ordinary substances could trigger allergic reactions, the most common triggers - called allergens - include the following:

• pollens

•  molds

• household dust, which is 95% human skin flakes

• dust mites and their waste

• animal proteins, like dander, urine, oil from skin

• industrial chemicals

• various foods

• nuts

• wheat

• medicines

• Milk

• Latex

• feathers

• insect stings

• cockroaches and their waste

• parasite bites

• ALMOST ANYTHING

Who is affected by allergy?

Allergies can affect everyone, despite age, gender, race, or socio-economic status. Generally, allergies are more widespread in children. However, a first-time occurrence can happen at any age, or recur after several years of remission. The trigger may act in tandem with a psychological event. Such as even being stressed about getting the symptoms; becoming short of breath when you do not know why, does not help.

Psychology - The scientific study of the behavior of man and animals. Different schools of psychology use differing methods and theories. Clinical psychology applies the observations of psychologists to the understanding and treatment of mental illness, see psychiatry; psychoanalysis. Educational psychology studies the ways in which children learn, in order to improve teaching methods. See also ethology.

There is a predisposition for allergies to occur in families, see above, although the exact genetic factors that cause it, are not yet totally understood. In predisposed people, factors such as hormones, stress, smoke, perfume, and or other environmental irritants, may also play a part in this situation, adding to its intensity . Often, the symptoms of allergies develop gradually over a period of time, and it is said that if, we knew what could potentially cause an allergy, that substance could be avoided by the patient.

Some allergy sufferers become so accustomed to some chronic symptoms, such as sneezing, nasal congestion, runny nose, eyes watering, or wheezing, that they do not consider their symptoms to be unusual, or even due to having an allergy. They go through life living with unnecessary suffering.

Many cold like symptoms are presumed to be colds or flu, when in fact they are the reaction to some substance that the body considers alien. So when you believe that you have caught another cold yet again, the truth is that you might not have had a cold for years, it is just that the symptoms of being allergic are similar to having a cold.

Allergists

With the support of an allergist, these symptoms can usually be prevented or at least controlled; diminished enough so that the quality of life is greatly improved. 

With clear thinking, it is possible to take control of the situation and manage the problem. Anti-Histamine tablets are good, avoiding the allergen, taking quick action, when you feel the symptoms coming on.

How is allergy diagnosed?

In addition to performing a clinical examination and taking a medical history, a doctor may also use:

a skin test

The skin test is a method of measuring the patient's level of reaction to antibodies to specific allergens. Using diluted solutions of a specific group of common allergens, a doctor or nurse can either inject the patient with the solutions, or apply them to a small scratch or puncture. A reaction appears as a small red area on the skin, the intensity of this gives you an idea about how severe an allergy might be. However, a reaction to the skin test does not always mean that the patient is allergic to the allergen that caused the reaction.

• a blood test
  The blood test is used to measure the patient's level of reaction to antibodies to specific allergens. One common blood test is called RAST or radioallergosorbent test .

When you know what you are allergic to, you can avoid this allergen, or at least steer clear of it to the best of your ability. Sometimes knowing what you are allergic to, gives you a psychological edge, and improves your situation.

Treatment for Allergic Reactions

Specific treatment for an allergy will be determined by your medical representative and is based on:

• Your age, overall health, and medical history

• The extent of the condition

• Your tolerance for specific medications, procedures, or therapies

• Expectations for the course of the condition

• Even your opinion or preference

Whether it be drugs or counseling, whatever regime you take will help you control this problem, as there is not a cure. We predict that by the year 2100, if we are all still here, 90% of the Western Civilization will suffer from one kind of allergy or another. It is reckoned that by 2015, 50% of the population of Europe and the USA, will be sufferers. With the increase of diseases like asthma and increased stress levels, and the propensity to suffer this predicament that is carried in our genes, we can see no end to it at present.

Before the Second World War, people going to their doctors for allergies was practically nil. In 1965, 5% of the population had some problems. In 2005, 25% have a problem that has an effect on them. Over 90% of the stuff we are commonly influenced by was not around during WWII.    

Also, if you are having problems with any skin complaints always use 'soap' made of Pure Ingredients. Pure ingredients are natural ingredients, made or grown by nature. This may be more expensive but cheap soap contains a lot of manmade stuff, chemicals, that do not agree with a particular minority of people. 

For children if you can afford it, always use pure ingredients, like glycerine, natural oils, rosemary, cedar and thyme. Use soap that use a natural forming agent; saponifying has been used for hundreds of years.

How Does Your Body Fight Infection?

Immunity   -  The resistance of the body to infection, especially resistance due to antibodies. Babies have passive immunity from antibodies transferred from the mother's blood through the placenta. Active immunity involves the formation of antibodies after exposure to an antigen - bacteria that invade the body during an infection are antigens. The two different kinds of immune response produced by antibodies involve: white blood cells called T-lymphocytes - produced by the thymus, which produce cells with antibody properties bound to their surface and are responsible for such reactions as graft rejection; B-lymphocytes, which produce cells that release free antibody into the blood.

Leucocyte - lymphocytes - or white blood cell. A colorless cell found in large numbers in the blood. There are several kinds, all involved in the body's defense mechanisms. Granulocytes and monocytes destroy and feed on bacteria and other microorganisms that cause infection -  see also phagocyte. The lymphocytes are involved with the production of antibodies.

Phagocyte   -  A cell that engulfs and then digests particles from its surroundings: this process is called phagocytosis. In vertebrate animals, phagocytes are a type of white blood cell that protect the body by engulfing bacteria and other foreign particles.

Immunization is the production of immunity by an injection containing antibodies against specific diseases e.g. tetanus and diphtheria, which provides temporary passive immunity, or by vaccination, which produces the longer lasting active immunity.

Antibody   -  A protein produced by certain white blood cells  - lymphocytes that reacts with a particular foreign particle e.g. a bacterium,  that has entered the body. The antibody helps to destroy the foreign particle, known as the antigen. If the same bacteria invade the body in future, many more of the same antibodies are produced, enabling the body to destroy the bacteria very rapidly and so resist infection. This provides the basis of  immunity. Antibodies are also responsible for the rejection of foreign tissue or organ transplants. See also monoclonal antibody.

Monoclonal antibody  -  A type of pure antibody that can be produced artificially in large quantities and used, for example, to distinguish the major blood groups. Mouse lymphocytes producing the required antibody are fused with mouse cancer cells; the resulting hybrid cells multiply rapidly and all produce the same type of antibody as their parent lymphocytes.

Bacteria  - Microscopic single-celled organisms found wherever life is possible. Generally 0.0001?0.005 mm long, they may be spherical (coccus), rodlike (bacillus), or spiral-shaped (spirillum) and often occur in chains or clusters of cells. True bacteria have a rigid cell wall, which may be surrounded by a slimy capsule, and they often have long whip-like flagella for locomotion and short hair-like pili used in a form of sexual reproduction. A few bacteria can use simple chemical substances, including carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, to manufacture their own nutrients, but most require a source of carbon derived from living organisms (i.e. organic carbon) plus other nutrients for growth. Some bacteria can reproduce every 15 minutes, leading to rapid population growth.

MRSA

Don't Panic !!!!

There is no shame in having an allergy to something, but they all tend to get worse before they get better, so prevention, or quick action, is better than alleviating the symptoms.

As for new parents, do not protect your developing offspring quite so much, a little dirt never did anyone any harm, as they say, maybe it might do children some good.

© Roy G Symonds BA [Law]

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