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Last-Modified:  05/01/06 11:34                                  

  Anthrax A contagious disease of many animals, including farm livestock, that can be transmitted to man. Caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, it is usually caught by eating contaminated food. The symptoms often appear suddenly, with a rise in temperature, staggering, difficulty in breathing, convulsions, and death. In horses and pigs a more gradual form may occur, with progressive swelling of the throat and neck resulting in breathing difficulties and choking. In many countries the authorities must be notified of any outbreaks. Treatment is with antibiotics and prevention is by vaccination of herds. Man may develop localized swellings after handling infected carcasses or pneumonia from inhaling the bacterial spores wool sorters disease. Information - Learn More, Be More   

Anthrax A contagious disease of many animals, including farm livestock, that can be transmitted to man. Caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, it is usually caught by eating contaminated food. The symptoms often appear suddenly, with a rise in temperature, staggering, difficulty in breathing, convulsions, and death. In horses and pigs a more gradual form may occur, with progressive swelling of the throat and neck resulting in breathing difficulties and choking. In many countries the authorities must be notified of any outbreaks. Treatment is with antibiotics and prevention is by vaccination of herds. Man may develop localized swellings after handling infected carcasses or pneumonia from inhaling the bacterial spores wool sorters disease.   Written in 2001  

ANTHRAX - also called splenic fever, malignant pustule , or wool-sorters disease -  acute, specific, infectious, febrile disease of animals, including humans, caused by Bacillus Anthracis, an organism that under certain conditions forms highly resistant spores capable of persisting and retaining their virulence in contaminated soil or other material for many years. A disease chiefly of herbivores - grass eaters, the infection may be acquired by persons handling the wool, hair, hides, bones, or carcasses of affected animals.

Anthrax A contagious disease of many animals, including farm livestock, that can be transmitted to man. Caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, it is usually caught by eating contaminated food. The symptoms often appear suddenly, with a rise in temperature, staggering, difficulty in breathing, convulsions, and death. In horses and pigs a more gradual form may occur, with progressive swelling of the throat and neck resulting in breathing difficulties and choking. In many countries the authorities must be notified of any outbreaks. Treatment is with antibiotics and prevention is by vaccination of herds. Man may develop localized swellings after handling infected carcasses or pneumonia from inhaling the bacterial spores wool sorters disease.

What is Anthrax

 What is Anthrax

A national guardsman stands watch over San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge following possible terrorist threats. (AP Photo)  2001

 Anthrax A contagious disease of many animals, including farm livestock, that can be transmitted to man. Caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, it is usually caught by eating contaminated food. The symptoms often appear suddenly, with a rise in temperature, staggering, difficulty in breathing, convulsions, and death. In horses and pigs a more gradual form may occur, with progressive swelling of the throat and neck resulting in breathing difficulties and choking. In many countries the authorities must be notified of any outbreaks. Treatment is with antibiotics and prevention is by vaccination of herds. Man may develop localized swellings after handling infected carcasses or pneumonia from inhaling the bacterial spores wool sorters disease.

Anthrax A contagious disease of many animals, including farm livestock, that can be transmitted to man. Caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, it is usually caught by eating contaminated food. The symptoms often appear suddenly, with a rise in temperature, staggering, difficulty in breathing, convulsions, and death. In horses and pigs a more gradual form may occur, with progressive swelling of the throat and neck resulting in breathing difficulties and choking. In many countries the authorities must be notified of any outbreaks. Treatment is with antibiotics and prevention is by vaccination of herds. Man may develop localized swellings after handling infected carcasses or pneumonia from inhaling the bacterial spores wool sorters disease.

Anthrax is one of the oldest recorded diseases of animals, being mentioned by Moses in Exodus 9:9 and, among the classical authors of Greek and Roman antiquity, by Homer, Hippocrates, Ovid, Galen, Virgil, and Pliny. Devastating epidemics of the disease are recorded by many medieval and modern writers. In the 18th and 19th centuries it sometimes spread like a plague over the southern part of Europe, taking a heavy toll of human and animal life. Anthrax was the first disease of humans and other animals in which the causative agent was definitely demonstrated as a specific microorganism—by the French biologist Casimir-Joseph Davaine in 1863 and in 1876 by the German bacteriologist Robert Koch, who isolated the organism in pure culture. It was also the first infectious disease against which a bacterial vaccine was found to be effective, by Louis Pasteur in 1881. These discoveries led to the origin and development of the modern sciences of bacteriology and immunology.

Practically all animals are susceptible to anthrax. Cattle, sheep, goats, horses, and mules are the most commonly affected and usually acquire the disease by grazing on contaminated pastures. Outbreaks in swine, dogs, cats, and wild animals held in captivity generally result from consumption of contaminated food. The disease may occur in a per acute (extremely acute), acute, or sub acute form (internal anthrax) or in a chronic or localized form (external anthrax). In the acute forms there is excitement and a rise in body temperature followed by depression, spasms, respiratory or cardiac distress, trembling, staggering, convulsions, and death. Bloody discharges sometimes come from the natural body openings, and edematous (serous fluid) swellings may appear on different parts of the body. 

The per acute and acute forms usually terminate in death within a day or two; the sub acute form may lead to death in three to five days or longer or to complete recovery after several days. Chronic anthrax occurs mostly in swine and dogs and is characterized by marked swelling of the throat, difficult breathing, and a bloodstained frothy discharge from the mouth. Affected animals sometimes die of suffocation. Prophylactic vaccination is extensively used in preventing anthrax in livestock. During outbreaks, strict quarantine measures, disposal of diseased carcasses by burning, fly control, and good sanitation are essential in controlling the disease.

Anthrax in humans occurs as a Cutaneous, pulmonary, or intestinal infection; the most common type occurs as a primary localized infection of the skin in the form of a carbuncle. It usually results from handling infected material, lesions occurring mostly on the hands, arms, or neck as a small pimple that develops rapidly into a large vesicle with black necrotic center - the malignant pustule.

Anthrax in humans occurs as a Cutaneous, pulmonary, or intestinal infection; the most common type occurs as a primary localized infection of the skin in the form of a carbuncle. It usually results from handling infected material, lesions occurring mostly on the hands, arms, or neck as a small pimple that develops rapidly into a large vesicle with black necrotic center - the malignant pustule. Should this condition become generalized, a fatal septicemia - blood poisoning, may ensue. The pulmonary form - wool sorters disease, affects principally the lungs and pleura and results from inhaling anthrax spores in areas where hair and wool are processed. This form of the disease usually runs a rapid course and terminates fatally. The intestinal form of the disease, which sometimes follows the consumption of contaminated meat, is characterized by an acute inflammation of the intestinal tract, vomiting, and severe diarrhea. Anthrax is occasionally transmitted to humans by spore-contaminated brushes or by wearing apparel such as furs and leather goods. Prompt diagnosis and early treatment are of great importance. Antianthrax serum, arsenicals, and antibiotics are used with excellent results. The hazard of infection to industrial workers can be reduced by sterilization of potentially contaminated material before handling, protective clothing, use of respirators, and good sanitary facilities and in agricultural workers by avoiding the skinning or opening of animals that died of the disease.

 Anthrax A contagious disease of many animals, including farm livestock, that can be transmitted to man. Caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, it is usually caught by eating contaminated food. The symptoms often appear suddenly, with a rise in temperature, staggering, difficulty in breathing, convulsions, and death. In horses and pigs a more gradual form may occur, with progressive swelling of the throat and neck resulting in breathing difficulties and choking. In many countries the authorities must be notified of any outbreaks. Treatment is with antibiotics and prevention is by vaccination of herds. Man may develop localized swellings after handling infected carcasses or pneumonia from inhaling the bacterial spores wool sorters disease.

               BookMark

  Anthrax A contagious disease of many animals, including farm livestock, that can be transmitted to man. Caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, it is usually caught by eating contaminated food. The symptoms often appear suddenly, with a rise in temperature, staggering, difficulty in breathing, convulsions, and death. In horses and pigs a more gradual form may occur, with progressive swelling of the throat and neck resulting in breathing difficulties and choking. In many countries the authorities must be notified of any outbreaks. Treatment is with antibiotics and prevention is by vaccination of herds. Man may develop localized swellings after handling infected carcasses or pneumonia from inhaling the bacterial spores wool sorters disease. Information - Learn More, Be More   

 Anthrax A contagious disease of many animals, including farm livestock, that can be transmitted to man. Caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, it is usually caught by eating contaminated food. The symptoms often appear suddenly, with a rise in temperature, staggering, difficulty in breathing, convulsions, and death. In horses and pigs a more gradual form may occur, with progressive swelling of the throat and neck resulting in breathing difficulties and choking. In many countries the authorities must be notified of any outbreaks. Treatment is with antibiotics and prevention is by vaccination of herds. Man may develop localized swellings after handling infected carcasses or pneumonia from inhaling the bacterial spores wool sorters disease.

 ALL YOU WANT TO KNOW ABOUT ANTHRAX

This page contains lots of information on currently a very emotive subject. It is for INFORMATION ONLY. Whilst we attempt to be 100% correct in what we report, errors and omissions are taken as read. Please see Terms of site.

The Anthrax Rules    

Anthrax is principally a disease of domesticated and wild mammals, particularly herbivorous animals, such as cattle, sheep, horses, mules, and goats. Humans become infected almost incidentally when brought into contact with diseased animals, which can include their flesh, bones, hides, hair and excrement, or anywhere the germ may be lurking.  

Anthrax A contagious disease of many animals, including farm livestock, that can be transmitted to man. Caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, it is usually caught by eating contaminated food. The symptoms often appear suddenly, with a rise in temperature, staggering, difficulty in breathing, convulsions, and death. In horses and pigs a more gradual form may occur, with progressive swelling of the throat and neck resulting in breathing difficulties and choking. In many countries the authorities must be notified of any outbreaks. Treatment is with antibiotics and prevention is by vaccination of herds. Man may develop localized swellings after handling infected carcasses or pneumonia from inhaling the bacterial spores   wool sorters disease

Anthrax A contagious disease of many animals, including farm livestock, that can be transmitted to man. Caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, it is usually caught by eating contaminated food. The symptoms often appear suddenly, with a rise in temperature, staggering, difficulty in breathing, convulsions, and death. In horses and pigs a more gradual form may occur, with progressive swelling of the throat and neck resulting in breathing difficulties and choking. In many countries the authorities must be notified of any outbreaks. Treatment is with antibiotics and prevention is by vaccination of herds. Man may develop localized swellings after handling infected carcasses or pneumonia from inhaling the bacterial spores wool sorters disease.                                                         

Anthrax Facts and Pictures

 Generally it is accepted that in the main, Cattle get Anthrax, but any mammal is susceptible. 

Anthrax Facts and Pictures

Anthrax A contagious disease of many animals, including farm livestock, that can be transmitted to man. Caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, it is usually caught by eating contaminated food. The symptoms often appear suddenly, with a rise in temperature, staggering, difficulty in breathing, convulsions, and death. In horses and pigs a more gradual form may occur, with progressive swelling of the throat and neck resulting in breathing difficulties and choking. In many countries the authorities must be notified of any outbreaks. Treatment is with antibiotics and prevention is by vaccination of herds. Man may develop localized swellings after handling infected carcasses or pneumonia from inhaling the bacterial spores wool sorters disease.

Anthrax is  caused by the endospore-forming bacterium, Bacillus Anthracis. These bacteria have been found naturally in soil samples from around the world, it is said by some that the spores can lie dormant for up to a thousand years and they are not easily found.  

October: anthrax alert

Anthrax A contagious disease of many animals, including farm livestock, that can be transmitted to man. Caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, it is usually caught by eating contaminated food. The symptoms often appear suddenly, with a rise in temperature, staggering, difficulty in breathing, convulsions, and death. In horses and pigs a more gradual form may occur, with progressive swelling of the throat and neck resulting in breathing difficulties and choking. In many countries the authorities must be notified of any outbreaks. Treatment is with antibiotics and prevention is by vaccination of herds. Man may develop localized swellings after handling infected carcasses or pneumonia from inhaling the bacterial spores wool sorters disease.

Anthrax: Perhaps the best known biological weapon is anthrax, the Bacillus anthracis bacterium. Research to weaponize anthrax was performed by the UK during World War II. The UK produced million of cattle cakes spiked with anthrax to retaliate in case the Nazis would have used biological weapons. After field trials with anthrax bombs on Gruinard Island in Scotland, this isle was lethally contaminated and off limits for any human being for nearly 50 years. Some would argue it is still unsafe to walk these shores.

Anthrax Facts and Pictures

Anthrax Spores. Spores can be 3 microns in diameter; a human hair is 25 microns. Spores are so small that they can escape from sealed envelopes through very small gaps and cross-contaminate other 'innocent' mail.

Micron The former name for the SI unit now called the micro-meter, i.e. 10 to the negative power of 6 of a meter.

Anthrax Facts and Pictures

Anthrax A contagious disease of many animals, including farm livestock, that can be transmitted to man. Caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, it is usually caught by eating contaminated food. The symptoms often appear suddenly, with a rise in temperature, staggering, difficulty in breathing, convulsions, and death. In horses and pigs a more gradual form may occur, with progressive swelling of the throat and neck resulting in breathing difficulties and choking. In many countries the authorities must be notified of any outbreaks. Treatment is with antibiotics and prevention is by vaccination of herds. Man may develop localized swellings after handling infected carcasses or pneumonia from inhaling the bacterial spores wool sorters disease.

In the USA there are recognized areas of infection in South Dakota, Nebraska, Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi and California; small areas exist in other states. Even in endemic areas, anthrax occurs irregularly, often with many years between occurrences. The SPORE is a particular stage in the life cycle of the ANTHRAX organism; during this stage it goes into STASIS and remains dormant until something happens in its natural environment. When it is in the new environment that offers it future survival, it germinates. 

Anthrax A contagious disease of many animals, including farm livestock, that can be transmitted to man. Caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, it is usually caught by eating contaminated food. The symptoms often appear suddenly, with a rise in temperature, staggering, difficulty in breathing, convulsions, and death. In horses and pigs a more gradual form may occur, with progressive swelling of the throat and neck resulting in breathing difficulties and choking. In many countries the authorities must be notified of any outbreaks. Treatment is with antibiotics and prevention is by vaccination of herds. Man may develop localized swellings after handling infected carcasses or pneumonia from inhaling the bacterial spores wool sorters disease.

Anthrax Facts and Pictures

Anthrax under a microscope

 

Anthrax A contagious disease of many animals, including farm livestock, that can be transmitted to man. Caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, it is usually caught by eating contaminated food. The symptoms often appear suddenly, with a rise in temperature, staggering, difficulty in breathing, convulsions, and death. In horses and pigs a more gradual form may occur, with progressive swelling of the throat and neck resulting in breathing difficulties and choking. In many countries the authorities must be notified of any outbreaks. Treatment is with antibiotics and prevention is by vaccination of herds. Man may develop localized swellings after handling infected carcasses or pneumonia from inhaling the bacterial spores wool sorters disease.

Bacillus Anthracis spores and vegetative cells

Germination. The initial stages in the growth of a seed to form a seedling. The embryonic shoot (plumule) and embryonic root (radicle) emerge and grow upwards and downwards respectively. Food reserves for germination come from *endosperm tissue within the seed and/or from the seed leaves (cotyledons). See also *epigeal; *hypogeal. 2. The first signs of growth of spores and pollen grains.

Anthrax Facts and Pictures

Bacillus Anthracis is classified as a Gram-positive, non-motile, (non-spontaneous movement), spore-forming bacterium. It is capable of growth under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Vegetative cells are 4-8um long x 1-1.5um wide.  The spores of Bacillus species, called endospores, and are known to be the most hardy and durable of all resting cells produced in Nature. This is perhaps why they are being used in the present situation.

Pathogenesis 

Gram Stain

Anthrax Facts and Pictures

 

 

Anthrax A contagious disease of many animals, including farm livestock, that can be transmitted to man. Caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, it is usually caught by eating contaminated food. The symptoms often appear suddenly, with a rise in temperature, staggering, difficulty in breathing, convulsions, and death. In horses and pigs a more gradual form may occur, with progressive swelling of the throat and neck resulting in breathing difficulties and choking. In many countries the authorities must be notified of any outbreaks. Treatment is with antibiotics and prevention is by vaccination of herds. Man may develop localized swellings after handling infected carcasses or pneumonia from inhaling the bacterial spores wool sorters disease.

Pathogen Any disease-causing microorganism. Pathogens include viruses, rickettsiae, and many bacteria, fungi, and protozoans. 

Anthrax in a Petri Dish

Anthrax Facts and Pictures Anthrax Facts and Pictures

Anthrax A contagious disease of many animals, including farm livestock, that can be transmitted to man. Caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, it is usually caught by eating contaminated food. The symptoms often appear suddenly, with a rise in temperature, staggering, difficulty in breathing, convulsions, and death. In horses and pigs a more gradual form may occur, with progressive swelling of the throat and neck resulting in breathing difficulties and choking. In many countries the authorities must be notified of any outbreaks. Treatment is with antibiotics and prevention is by vaccination of herds. Man may develop localized swellings after handling infected carcasses or pneumonia from inhaling the bacterial spores wool sorters disease.

Under normal circumstances, in humans, anthrax is fairly rare; the risk of infection is about One in 100,000. One could equate catching Anthrax with that of AIDS; they are both very difficult to catch and will not infect anybody unless it is under erroneous circumstances.

Anthrax A contagious disease of many animals, including farm livestock, that can be transmitted to man. Caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, it is usually caught by eating contaminated food. The symptoms often appear suddenly, with a rise in temperature, staggering, difficulty in breathing, convulsions, and death. In horses and pigs a more gradual form may occur, with progressive swelling of the throat and neck resulting in breathing difficulties and choking. In many countries the authorities must be notified of any outbreaks. Treatment is with antibiotics and prevention is by vaccination of herds. Man may develop localized swellings after handling infected carcasses or pneumonia from inhaling the bacterial spores wool sorters disease.

Anthrax Facts and Pictures

The most common form of the disease in humans is cutaneous anthrax, which is usually acquired via injured skin or mucous membranes. A quite minor scratch or abrasion, usually on an exposed area of the face or neck or arms, is invaded by spores from the soil or a contaminated animal or carcass. The spores germinate, vegetative cells multiply, and a characteristic lesion develops at the site. In severe cases, where the blood stream is eventually invaded, the disease may be fatal. The blood stream will carry the disease everywhere around the body, and the body's defenses, plus even any other defense mechanism such as anti-biotics, will not be able to cope with the huge invasion that this would present.

  Anthrax A contagious disease of many animals, including farm livestock, that can be transmitted to man. Caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, it is usually caught by eating contaminated food. The symptoms often appear suddenly, with a rise in temperature, staggering, difficulty in breathing, convulsions, and death. In horses and pigs a more gradual form may occur, with progressive swelling of the throat and neck resulting in breathing difficulties and choking. In many countries the authorities must be notified of any outbreaks. Treatment is with antibiotics and prevention is by vaccination of herds. Man may develop localized swellings after handling infected carcasses or pneumonia from inhaling the bacterial spores wool sorters disease. Information - Learn More, Be More   

Anthrax A contagious disease of many animals, including farm livestock, that can be transmitted to man. Caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, it is usually caught by eating contaminated food. The symptoms often appear suddenly, with a rise in temperature, staggering, difficulty in breathing, convulsions, and death. In horses and pigs a more gradual form may occur, with progressive swelling of the throat and neck resulting in breathing difficulties and choking. In many countries the authorities must be notified of any outbreaks. Treatment is with antibiotics and prevention is by vaccination of herds. Man may develop localized swellings after handling infected carcasses or pneumonia from inhaling the bacterial spores wool sorters disease.

Cutaneous Anthrax, is the disease that develops at the skin level. 

Handling, in the main, large numbers of the spores with skin that is generally damaged, and the damage need only be slight, AND / OR continued handling with skin that seems impervious, can result in an infection. 

It is best OBVIOUSLY not to handle anthrax spores at all, however, if you feel that it may be inevitable, through some accident, surgical rubber gloves would be necessary to protect you. Under the present circumstances do NOT open or handle an envelope that looks at all suspicious. Be alert at all times. Do NOT open suspicious packages / letters. 

WASH HANDS and/or SHOWER, AT EVERY OPPORTUNITY. USE a STRONG ANTI-BACTERIAL HAND WASH.

Have at hand always, a very large zip-lock plastic envelope to seal any suspect package in. Call 911, or 999 if in UK or 123 if in Europe.

Consider for several moments who might have sent you such a letter and whether you need to call the authorities. Remember the EMS are presently snowed under with all the calls that they are getting on this subject. Please note that persons receiving infected envelopes at present, are usually government or media bodies.

Anthrax A contagious disease of many animals, including farm livestock, that can be transmitted to man. Caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, it is usually caught by eating contaminated food. The symptoms often appear suddenly, with a rise in temperature, staggering, difficulty in breathing, convulsions, and death. In horses and pigs a more gradual form may occur, with progressive swelling of the throat and neck resulting in breathing difficulties and choking. In many countries the authorities must be notified of any outbreaks. Treatment is with antibiotics and prevention is by vaccination of herds. Man may develop localized swellings after handling infected carcasses or pneumonia from inhaling the bacterial spores wool sorters disease.

Ridge - Anthrax Facts and Pictures

Former Pennsylvania Governor Tom Ridge, the president's advisor on Homeland Security, said that all the anthrax tested appears to have come from a single source (Photo courtesy The White House)

Ridge said that all the anthrax spores tested are from a type known as the Ames strain, named for a bio-weapons research center in Ames, Iowa. The strain, which is used for research in universities around the world, is also used to test vaccines.

The "Washington Post" reported Wednesday that the anthrax spores were treated with a chemical additive that allows the spores to remain airborne longer - making it far more likely that those exposed will inhale the dangerous substance and develop the dangerous, often fatal, inhalation form of anthrax.

"I can say to you without question, this is anthrax, and the samples from New York, Washington and Florida are all from the same family or strain. That's been documented by DNA testing," Major General John Parks, the commanding general at the U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command at Fort Detrik, Maryland told reporters.

"When we look at these spores underneath the microscope, they are uniform in size and highly concentrated, and highly pure," Parks added. "And these individual spores are very light, and if given some energy from, say, wind or clapping or motion of air in a room, they will drift in the air and fall to the ground."

"The good news," Parks said, "is that this strain is susceptible to all of the antibiotics that we have in the United States, from penicillin all the way to the most recent advanced quinolines that we have available."

Daschle said officials do not know whether the anthrax is coming from one source or multiple sources.

"I'm not prepared to tell you today the range of potential actors who could have created as pure and as concentrated and as respirable an anthrax as we are working on and investigating now. I don't know whether it's a large range or a narrow range," Ridge said.

But "clearly we are up against a shadow enemy," people who have no regard for human life, and who "are determined to murder innocent people," he said.

Daschle letter - Anthrax Facts and Pictures

The letter which brought anthrax to Senator Tom Daschle's office carried the return address of a nonexistent school (Photo courtesy FBI)

Anthrax spores have now affected all three branches of the U.S. government. A letter containing anthrax was received at the office of Senate Majority Leader Tom Daschle, and anthrax spores have been found at mailrooms serving Congress, the White House, and - confirmed late today - the U.S. Supreme Court and the Central Intelligence Agency

 Have YOU ever seen this Hand-Writing before ?

Anthrax A contagious disease of many animals, including farm livestock, that can be transmitted to man. Caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, it is usually caught by eating contaminated food. The symptoms often appear suddenly, with a rise in temperature, staggering, difficulty in breathing, convulsions, and death. In horses and pigs a more gradual form may occur, with progressive swelling of the throat and neck resulting in breathing difficulties and choking. In many countries the authorities must be notified of any outbreaks. Treatment is with antibiotics and prevention is by vaccination of herds. Man may develop localized swellings after handling infected carcasses or pneumonia from inhaling the bacterial spores wool sorters disease.

Anthrax Facts and Pictures

Another form of the disease, inhalation anthrax, wool-sorters' disease; the most dangerous, results most commonly from inhalation of a spore-containing dust. The spores recognize an environment for a change in the life-cycle and the anthrax cells multiple exponentially. The disease begins abruptly with high fever and chest pain. It progresses rapidly to a systemic hemorrhagic pathology and is often fatal if treatment cannot stop the invasive aspect of the infection.

Another form of the disease, inhalation anthrax, wool-sorters' disease; the most dangerous, results most commonly from inhalation of a spore-containing dust. The spores recognize an environment for a change in the life-cycle and the anthrax cells multiple exponentially. The disease begins abruptly with high fever and chest pain. It progresses rapidly to a systemic hemorrhagic pathology and is often fatal if treatment cannot stop the invasive aspect of the infection.

Anthrax A contagious disease of many animals, including farm livestock, that can be transmitted to man. Caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, it is usually caught by eating contaminated food. The symptoms often appear suddenly, with a rise in temperature, staggering, difficulty in breathing, convulsions, and death. In horses and pigs a more gradual form may occur, with progressive swelling of the throat and neck resulting in breathing difficulties and choking. In many countries the authorities must be notified of any outbreaks. Treatment is with antibiotics and prevention is by vaccination of herds. Man may develop localized swellings after handling infected carcasses or pneumonia from inhaling the bacterial spores wool sorters disease.

Another form of the disease, inhalation anthrax, wool-sorters' disease; the most dangerous, results most commonly from inhalation of a spore-containing dust. The spores recognize an environment for a change in the life-cycle and the anthrax cells multiple exponentially. The disease begins abruptly with high fever and chest pain. It progresses rapidly to a systemic hemorrhagic pathology and is often fatal if treatment cannot stop the invasive aspect of the infection.

Anthrax A contagious disease of many animals, including farm livestock, that can be transmitted to man. Caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, it is usually caught by eating contaminated food. The symptoms often appear suddenly, with a rise in temperature, staggering, difficulty in breathing, convulsions, and death. In horses and pigs a more gradual form may occur, with progressive swelling of the throat and neck resulting in breathing difficulties and choking. In many countries the authorities must be notified of any outbreaks. Treatment is with antibiotics and prevention is by vaccination of herds. Man may develop localized swellings after handling infected carcasses or pneumonia from inhaling the bacterial spores wool sorters disease.

Inhalation Anthrax. This form affects the lungs and these organs become the germination vehicle for rapid growth. Because the lungs are designed to pass on oxygen through the body the cells are easily spread and understandably thrive under these  conditions. Fast and powerful antibiotics are needed very quickly, if the patient is to survive. Symptoms are very similar to that of FLU.

Obviously again, it is best not to breathe in the spores in the first place. Under these emergency conditions people must be more than vigilant in staying away from incidents that may lead to an inhalation. In is very very unlikely that anyone under normal circumstances will breathe in these spores but persons, such as postal workers, are now in the firing line as possible victims.

It maybe prudent if all citizens carried paint-sprayers masks (and surgical gloves) on their person that may give some initial defence should they ever be in a situation where they know that spores are in the air.

Anthrax A contagious disease of many animals, including farm livestock, that can be transmitted to man. Caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, it is usually caught by eating contaminated food. The symptoms often appear suddenly, with a rise in temperature, staggering, difficulty in breathing, convulsions, and death. In horses and pigs a more gradual form may occur, with progressive swelling of the throat and neck resulting in breathing difficulties and choking. In many countries the authorities must be notified of any outbreaks. Treatment is with antibiotics and prevention is by vaccination of herds. Man may develop localized swellings after handling infected carcasses or pneumonia from inhaling the bacterial spores wool sorters disease.

Intestinal Anthrax, the causes above are obvious and because the invading cells grow so quickly and is able to spread the best defence, as in ALL variants, is avoidance. In civilized countries meat is generally of such high standards that any human contamination of anything is highly unlikely. But we must consider sabotage and therefore meat must be cooked for unreasonably longer, at a much higher temperature than before. Consider going vegetarian or using processed food.

Anthrax A contagious disease of many animals, including farm livestock, that can be transmitted to man. Caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, it is usually caught by eating contaminated food. The symptoms often appear suddenly, with a rise in temperature, staggering, difficulty in breathing, convulsions, and death. In horses and pigs a more gradual form may occur, with progressive swelling of the throat and neck resulting in breathing difficulties and choking. In many countries the authorities must be notified of any outbreaks. Treatment is with antibiotics and prevention is by vaccination of herds. Man may develop localized swellings after handling infected carcasses or pneumonia from inhaling the bacterial spores wool sorters disease.

Intestinal anthrax is analogous to cutaneous anthrax but occurs on the intestinal mucosa. As in cutaneous anthrax, the organisms probably invade the mucosa through a preexisting lesion. The bacteria spread from the mucosal lesion to the lymphatic system. Intestinal anthrax results from the ingestion of poorly cooked meat from infected animals. Intestinal anthrax, although extremely rare in developed countries, has an extremely high mortality rate.

Anthrax A contagious disease of many animals, including farm livestock, that can be transmitted to man. Caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, it is usually caught by eating contaminated food. The symptoms often appear suddenly, with a rise in temperature, staggering, difficulty in breathing, convulsions, and death. In horses and pigs a more gradual form may occur, with progressive swelling of the throat and neck resulting in breathing difficulties and choking. In many countries the authorities must be notified of any outbreaks. Treatment is with antibiotics and prevention is by vaccination of herds. Man may develop localized swellings after handling infected carcasses or pneumonia from inhaling the bacterial spores wool sorters disease.

Meningitis due to B. anthracis is a very rare complication that may result from a primary infection elsewhere.

The infectious dose of anthrax organisms is highly variable from animal species to species, and it varies widely dependent on the route of inoculation. The symptoms and clinical manifestations of the disease can be found at:

www.gsbs.utmb.edu/microbook/ch015.htm 

The bacteria are able to invade their animal hosts because they are resistant to the hosts' phagocytic defenses. 

 

Anthrax A contagious disease of many animals, including farm livestock, that can be transmitted to man. Caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, it is usually caught by eating contaminated food. The symptoms often appear suddenly, with a rise in temperature, staggering, difficulty in breathing, convulsions, and death. In horses and pigs a more gradual form may occur, with progressive swelling of the throat and neck resulting in breathing difficulties and choking. In many countries the authorities must be notified of any outbreaks. Treatment is with antibiotics and prevention is by vaccination of herds. Man may develop localized swellings after handling infected carcasses or pneumonia from inhaling the bacterial spores wool sorters disease.

Phagocyte n. leucocyte capable of engulfing and absorbing foreign matter. [Greek phag- eat, kutos cell]. This is what the white-cells do, they engulf and kill all foreign bodies in the blood stream.

Anthrax A contagious disease of many animals, including farm livestock, that can be transmitted to man. Caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, it is usually caught by eating contaminated food. The symptoms often appear suddenly, with a rise in temperature, staggering, difficulty in breathing, convulsions, and death. In horses and pigs a more gradual form may occur, with progressive swelling of the throat and neck resulting in breathing difficulties and choking. In many countries the authorities must be notified of any outbreaks. Treatment is with antibiotics and prevention is by vaccination of herds. Man may develop localized swellings after handling infected carcasses or pneumonia from inhaling the bacterial spores wool sorters disease.

 

During and after invasion, the bacteria produce a toxin which has a lethal mode of activity. Death from anthrax in humans or animals frequently occurs suddenly and unexpectedly. The level of the lethal toxin in the circulation increases rapidly quite late in the disease, and it closely parallels the concentration of organisms in the blood. 

Treatment

Antibiotics should be given to unvaccinated individuals exposed to inhalation anthrax. Penicillin, tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones (Cipro) are effective if administered before the onset of lymphatic spread or septicemia, estimated to be about 24 hours. Antibiotic treatment is also known to lessen the severity of disease in individuals who acquire anthrax through the skin. Inhalation anthrax was formerly thought to be nearly 100% fatal despite antibiotic treatment, particularly if treatment is started after symptoms appear. A recent Army study resulted in successful treatment of monkeys with antibiotic therapy after being exposed to anthrax spores. The antibiotic therapy was begun one day after exposure. 

 

Anthrax A contagious disease of many animals, including farm livestock, that can be transmitted to man. Caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, it is usually caught by eating contaminated food. The symptoms often appear suddenly, with a rise in temperature, staggering, difficulty in breathing, convulsions, and death. In horses and pigs a more gradual form may occur, with progressive swelling of the throat and neck resulting in breathing difficulties and choking. In many countries the authorities must be notified of any outbreaks. Treatment is with antibiotics and prevention is by vaccination of herds. Man may develop localized swellings after handling infected carcasses or pneumonia from inhaling the bacterial spores wool sorters disease.

CIPROFLOXACIN is an anti-bacterial and anti-biotic drug which is one of the QUINOLONE family. It can be used to treat infections in patients who are allergic to penicillin or whose strain of bacteria is resistant to standard antibiotics. It is active against Gram-Negative bacteria including salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, Neisseria and Pseudomonas and to a lesser extent against Gram-Positive bacteria of the Streptococcal family It is used to treat infections of the urinary, gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, gonorrhea and septicemia. But usually only when these cases are resistant to more conventional agents. It can also be used to prevent meningococcal meningitis and infection during surgical procedures

 

Administration can be oral in the form of tablets or even as eye-drops, or by intravenous infusion.

Side effects are similar to that of ACROSOXACIN : which are,  nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, headache, dizziness, sleep disorders, rash, pruritus (severe itching),  fever, photosensitivity, increase in blood creatinine and urea, transient disturbances in liver enzymes and bilirubin (yellow skin caused by extra bile in the blood), joint and muscle pains and blood disorders. Less frequently there may be anaphylaxis, anorexia, confusion, hallucinations and sensory disturbances

 Anaphylaxis. An abnormal immune response that occurs when an individual previously exposed to a particular antigen is re-exposed to the same antigen. Anaphylaxis may follow an insect bite or the injection of a drug (such as penicillin). It is caused by the release of histamine and similar substances and may produce a localized reaction or a more generalized and severe one, with difficulty in breathing, pallor, or drop in blood pressure, unconsciousness, and possibly heart failure and death. 

 

But some effects are dyspepsia, flatulence, liver and kidney impairment, difficulty in swallowing. An adequate fluid intake should be maintained

CIPROXIN  (Baypharm) is a proprietary prescription only preparation of the ANTIBACTERIAL and ANTI BIOTIC drug CIPROFLOXACIN. It can be used to treat a variety of infections.

PLEASE NOTE THAT ACTUALLY HAVING TO TAKE ANY DRUG IS A WORST CASE SCENARIO. ALSO WHEN YOU DO TAKE ANY DRUG THE SIDE - EFFECTS CAN ALSO BE QUITE NEGLIGIBLE IN THEIR MANIFESTATION.

Apparently at least 10,000 Americans are already taking Cipro or other antibiotics when they do not have an infection. Antibiotics should only be taken when there is an infection to fight. Taking Cipro whilst being uninfected may weaken any future influence that any anti-biotic will have, when there is an infection present. This is DIFFERENT from immunization.

Anthrax A contagious disease of many animals, including farm livestock, that can be transmitted to man. Caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, it is usually caught by eating contaminated food. The symptoms often appear suddenly, with a rise in temperature, staggering, difficulty in breathing, convulsions, and death. In horses and pigs a more gradual form may occur, with progressive swelling of the throat and neck resulting in breathing difficulties and choking. In many countries the authorities must be notified of any outbreaks. Treatment is with antibiotics and prevention is by vaccination of herds. Man may develop localized swellings after handling infected carcasses or pneumonia from inhaling the bacterial spores wool sorters disease.

Please Note. In 2001 - It had been reported that many people are buying up stocks of CIPRO that are available from their local Drug Store. Many are traveling down to Mexico where it is about 30-50% of the USA price. DO NOT TAKE ANY ANTIBIOTICS UNLESS YOU HAVE BEEN PRESCRIBED THEM BY A DOCTOR. This is especially important for drugs such as Cipro. If you have no infection it is of no use taking an antibiotic and may even lessen the effect should you need to take the drug at a later date, when you do actually have an infection. Use of such drugs should be avoided unless totally necessary; take only as prescribed by your doctor. HOWEVER, When prescribed ANY course of antibiotics ALWAYS finish the WHOLE course of treatment. Even if you feel better always continue to take the full course.

Anthrax A contagious disease of many animals, including farm livestock, that can be transmitted to man. Caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, it is usually caught by eating contaminated food. The symptoms often appear suddenly, with a rise in temperature, staggering, difficulty in breathing, convulsions, and death. In horses and pigs a more gradual form may occur, with progressive swelling of the throat and neck resulting in breathing difficulties and choking. In many countries the authorities must be notified of any outbreaks. Treatment is with antibiotics and prevention is by vaccination of herds. Man may develop localized swellings after handling infected carcasses or pneumonia from inhaling the bacterial spores wool sorters disease.

Immunization  

Anthrax Facts and Pictures

Anthrax A contagious disease of many animals, including farm livestock, that can be transmitted to man. Caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, it is usually caught by eating contaminated food. The symptoms often appear suddenly, with a rise in temperature, staggering, difficulty in breathing, convulsions, and death. In horses and pigs a more gradual form may occur, with progressive swelling of the throat and neck resulting in breathing difficulties and choking. In many countries the authorities must be notified of any outbreaks. Treatment is with antibiotics and prevention is by vaccination of herds. Man may develop localized swellings after handling infected carcasses or pneumonia from inhaling the bacterial spores wool sorters disease.

Prior to 9-11, the anthrax vaccine is produced under contract to the Department of Defense, and only small quantities are made available as needed to civilians who are exposed to anthrax hazards in their work environment, such as veterinarians, lab workers and others. An attempt to immunize 2.5 million members of the military ended three years ago, but that policy is being reevaluated. If the manufacturer receives approval from the FDA, vaccine production will resume. At present great quantities of suitable vaccine is being produced all around the World. Germany is to sell to the USa 300 million anti-biotic tablets at 95 cents each. Johnson & Johnson is to give to the USA Government 100 million doses of its best anti-biotic. Pfizer, had hundreds of millions of doses of VIBRAMYCIN, now in production. ALSO, the US has acquire 250 million doses of Small-Pox vaccine. 

The anthrax vaccine is a preparation of the protective antigen (a fraction of the toxin) recovered from the culture filtrate of an avirulent, non-encapsulated strain of Bacillus Anthracis. Anthrax immunization consists of three subcutaneous injections given two weeks apart followed by three additional subcutaneous injections given at 6, 12, and 18 months. Annual booster injections of the vaccine are required to maintain a protective level of immunity. 

 

Anthrax A contagious disease of many animals, including farm livestock, that can be transmitted to man. Caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, it is usually caught by eating contaminated food. The symptoms often appear suddenly, with a rise in temperature, staggering, difficulty in breathing, convulsions, and death. In horses and pigs a more gradual form may occur, with progressive swelling of the throat and neck resulting in breathing difficulties and choking. In many countries the authorities must be notified of any outbreaks. Treatment is with antibiotics and prevention is by vaccination of herds. Man may develop localized swellings after handling infected carcasses or pneumonia from inhaling the bacterial spores wool sorters disease.

 

US Bio-chemical Weapons - Anthrax Facts and PicturesThe inhalation of anthrax spores can lead to infection and disease. The possibility of creating aerosols containing anthrax spores has made B. anthracis a chosen weapon of bio-terrorism. Iraq, Russia, Korea and as many as ten nations have the capability to load spores of B. anthracis into weapons. Domestic terrorists may develop means to distribute spores via mass attacks or small-scale attacks at a local level.

 

Anthrax A contagious disease of many animals, including farm livestock, that can be transmitted to man. Caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, it is usually caught by eating contaminated food. The symptoms often appear suddenly, with a rise in temperature, staggering, difficulty in breathing, convulsions, and death. In horses and pigs a more gradual form may occur, with progressive swelling of the throat and neck resulting in breathing difficulties and choking. In many countries the authorities must be notified of any outbreaks. Treatment is with antibiotics and prevention is by vaccination of herds. Man may develop localized swellings after handling infected carcasses or pneumonia from inhaling the bacterial spores wool sorters disease.

Anthrax and Biological Warfare

 

As an agent of biological warfare it is expected that a cloud of anthrax spores would be released at a strategic location to be inhaled by the individuals under attack. Spores of B. anthracis can be produced and stored in a dry form and remain viable for decades in storage or after release. 

There is no evidence of person-to-person transmission of anthrax. Quarantine of affected individuals is not recommended. Anthrax spores may survive in the soil, water and on surfaces for many years. 

Spores can only be destroyed by steam sterilization, boiling for longer than 30 minutes or burning. 

The U.S. Navy Manual on Operational Medicine and Fleet Support, entitled Biological Warfare Defence Information Sheet states:

"Dis-infection of contaminated articles may be accomplished using a 0.05% hypochlorite solution.  (1 tbsp. bleach per gallon of water). 

Spore destruction requires steam sterilization." It has also been reported that boiling (100 degrees C) for 30 minutes kills endospores of B. anthracis.

An infection of local animal populations such as sheep and cattle could follow a biological attack with spores. Infected animals could then transmit the disease to humans through the cutaneous, intestinal or inhalation route by spores from a contaminated animal, carcass or hide. 

A segment of the U.S. military population has been vaccinated against anthrax. Anthrax vaccine consists of a series of six doses with yearly boosters. The first vaccine of the series must be given at least four weeks before exposure to the disease. This vaccine protects against anthrax that is acquired through the skin and it is believed that it would also be effective against inhaled spores in a bio-warfare situation. 

It is hoped that this information has been useful in informing its readers. 

 

For a site that believes in the probability that humanity will not last much further than the year 2100, due to a myriad reasons of human self-destruction, we feel that the 9-11 atrocity  may pale into insignificance,  as the century ticks along to ever increasing atrocities that befall us. 

Ironically, the use of such strong anti-biotics, such as Cipro, is said to be one likely reason for the demise of humanity. Many eminent scientists believe that the humble common germ will eventually be the downfall for 99% of human life. We have for the last 100 years been waging a war against the common bacteria and have used many ingenious regimes to tackle these infinitesimal creatures. However, due to the fact that the life-cycle of such small cells is measured in hours as opposed to decades for us, there is a far greater propensity for mutation and resistance to any anti-body that we would wish to throw at our small friends. One day it is said that no longer will any anti-body, or protective antigen, work and 99% of us will die and it may be of just the common cold. This why the taking of such drugs must be carefully considered.

Roy G Symonds BA

 

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©  Roy G Symonds 2001  /  Foogle Business 2001

ATTACKING ANTHRAX     

  

 

Anthrax A contagious disease of many animals, including farm livestock, that can be transmitted to man. Caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, it is usually caught by eating contaminated food. The symptoms often appear suddenly, with a rise in temperature, staggering, difficulty in breathing, convulsions, and death. In horses and pigs a more gradual form may occur, with progressive swelling of the throat and neck resulting in breathing difficulties and choking. In many countries the authorities must be notified of any outbreaks. Treatment is with antibiotics and prevention is by vaccination of herds. Man may develop localized swellings after handling infected carcasses or pneumonia from inhaling the bacterial spores wool sorters disease.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)?

Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus is a bacterial infection resistant to antibiotic methicillin. Staphylococcus aureus, sometimes referred to simply as "staf" or "staph A" is a common bacterium found on the skin of healthy people. If staph gets into the body it can cause a minor infection such as boils or pimples or serious infections such as pneumonia or blood infections.

Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus produces symptoms no different from any other type of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The skin will appear red and inflamed around wound sites. Symptoms in serious cases may include fever, lethargy, and headache. MRSA can cause urinary tract infections, pneumonia, toxic shock syndrome, and even death.

                 MRSA   

 

 

Bacteria  - Microscopic single-celled organisms found wherever life is possible. Generally 0.0001–0.005 mm long, they may be spherical (coccus), rodlike (bacillus), or spiral-shaped (spirillum) and often occur in chains or clusters of cells. True bacteria have a rigid cell wall, which may be surrounded by a slimy capsule, and they often have long whip-like flagella for locomotion and short hair-like pili used in a form of sexual reproduction. A few bacteria can use simple chemical substances, including carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, to manufacture their own nutrients, but most require a source of carbon derived from living organisms (i.e. organic carbon) plus other nutrients for growth. Some bacteria can reproduce every 15 minutes, leading to rapid population growth. The most important role of bacteria is in decomposing dead plant and animal tissues and releasing their constituents to the soil (see carbon cycle). Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the soil or sea convert atmospheric nitrogen gas to nitrites and nitrates, which can then be used by plants (see nitrogen cycle). Cheese making and fermentation reactions depend on bacteria. Bacteria also play an important part in animal digestion, especially in ruminants. However, certain (pathogenic) species may cause disease while others, such as Salmonella, can cause food poisoning.

 

How Does Your Body Fight Infection?

Immunity   -  The resistance of the body to infection, especially resistance due to antibodies. Babies have passive immunity from antibodies transferred from the mother’s blood through the placenta. Active immunity involves the formation of antibodies after exposure to an antigen - bacteria that invade the body during an infection are antigens. The two different kinds of immune response produced by antibodies involve: white blood cells called T-lymphocytes - produced by the thymus, which produce cells with antibody properties bound to their surface and are responsible for such reactions as graft rejection; B-lymphocytes, which produce cells that release free antibody into the blood.

Leucocyte - lymphocytes - or white blood cell. A colorless cell found in large numbers in the blood. There are several kinds, all involved in the body’s defense mechanisms. Granulocytes and monocytes destroy and feed on bacteria and other microorganisms that cause infection -  see also phagocyte. The lymphocytes are involved with the production of antibodies.

Phagocyte   -  A cell that engulfs and then digests particles from its surroundings: this process is called phagocytosis. In vertebrate animals, phagocytes are a type of white blood cell that protect the body by engulfing bacteria and other foreign particles.

Immunization is the production of immunity by an injection containing antibodies against specific diseases e.g. tetanus and diphtheria, which provides temporary passive immunity, or by vaccination, which produces the longer lasting active immunity.

Antibody   -  A protein produced by certain white blood cells  - lymphocytes that reacts with a particular foreign particle e.g. a bacterium,  that has entered the body. The antibody helps to destroy the foreign particle, known as the antigen. If the same bacteria invade the body in future, many more of the same antibodies are produced, enabling the body to destroy the bacteria very rapidly and so resist infection. This provides the basis of  immunity. Antibodies are also responsible for the rejection of foreign tissue or organ transplants. See also monoclonal antibody.

Monoclonal antibody  -  A type of pure antibody that can be produced artificially in large quantities and used, for example, to distinguish the major blood groups. Mouse lymphocytes producing the required antibody are fused with mouse cancer cells; the resulting hybrid cells multiply rapidly and all produce the same type of antibody as their parent lymphocytes.

Whilst all this bodily protection sounds wonderful, the problem with MRSA, is that there is no defense to it, no answer to its attack.

 

Anthrax A contagious disease of many animals, including farm livestock, that can be transmitted to man. Caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, it is usually caught by eating contaminated food. The symptoms often appear suddenly, with a rise in temperature, staggering, difficulty in breathing, convulsions, and death. In horses and pigs a more gradual form may occur, with progressive swelling of the throat and neck resulting in breathing difficulties and choking. In many countries the authorities must be notified of any outbreaks. Treatment is with antibiotics and prevention is by vaccination of herds. Man may develop localized swellings after handling infected carcasses or pneumonia from inhaling the bacterial spores wool sorters disease.

Blood cells

There are a number of different cell types in circulation in the blood stream. Here's a quick review:

Red cells carry oxygen to the cells of the body. They are essentially bags of hemoglobin, the oxygen carrying molecule. Hemoglobin binds oxygen to iron atoms, which give the hemoglobin and thus the cells their distinctive red color.

White cells (neutrophils) are of several types:

Polymorphonuclear cells, or "polys" for short, fight bacterial infections by engulfing bacteria and digesting them. They form PUS and are the chief ingredient of an abscess.

Lymphocytes are the virus killers. There are two types of these:

T-cells which remember what germs we've been exposed to and how to kill them. T-cells are the key component of the immune system that is missing in AIDS.

B-cells that secrete the actual antibodies that attach to viruses and bacteria and identify them as things to be destroyed - rather like tagging the target with a laser so that the smart bomb will home in and blast the target.

Monocytes are cells that are related to lymphocytes but have a killing and cleaning function. They cruise through the tissues of the body cleaning up debris and killing any bacteria they find. They are often increased in viral infections - a reassuring finding that your doctor may note on your child's blood count.

Eosinophils are cells which are strongly related to allergy and the recognition of foreign things in the body like parasites.

Basophils are cells that are also part of the allergy and parasite recognition system.

Platelets are the cells that plug leaks in the vascular system, the clotting cells.

 

 

Anthrax A contagious disease of many animals, including farm livestock, that can be transmitted to man. Caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, it is usually caught by eating contaminated food. The symptoms often appear suddenly, with a rise in temperature, staggering, difficulty in breathing, convulsions, and death. In horses and pigs a more gradual form may occur, with progressive swelling of the throat and neck resulting in breathing difficulties and choking. In many countries the authorities must be notified of any outbreaks. Treatment is with antibiotics and prevention is by vaccination of herds. Man may develop localized swellings after handling infected carcasses or pneumonia from inhaling the bacterial spores wool sorters disease.

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