Foogle Business - What is a Malaria - Plasmodium falciparum - Quinine - The Genus Culex Insecta - Mosquito - Mosquitoes - Maleria - Malaria - Anopheles - Insecticides

Foogle Business - What is a Malaria - Plasmodium falciparum - Quinine - The Genus Culex Insecta - Mosquito - Mosquitoes - Maleria - Malaria - Anopheles - Insecticides - Common Mozzy -

MALARIA - Today

The Mosquito

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5 BILLION DEATHS

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Malaria - 5 Billion Deaths

Mosquito - A small fly, occurring worldwide, especially in the tropics. It has long legs and a slender abdomen. In most species the males feed on plant juices, while the females suck the blood of mammals, often transmitting serious diseases - including malaria and yellow fever.

Malaria - A serious, acute and chronic relapsing infection in humans, an infectious disease caused by a protozoa of the genus Plasmodium. Characterized by periodic attacks of chills and fever, anaemia, enlargement of the spleen - splenomegaly, and often fatal complications. Malaria is spread by the female Anopheles mosquito, which lives only in the tropics. Different species of Plasmodium cause different types of Malaria. Malignant Tertian Malaria, caused by P. falciparum, is the most severe; benign tertian malaria, caused by P. vivax, is less often fatal but there are repeated attacks.

The parasites invade the red blood cells making them burst, causing fever, fits, diarrhoea, shock, and jaundice. Drugs can treat and prevent the disease, but malaria remains a major cause of death and ill health in the tropics.

Malaria also is found in apes, monkeys, rats, birds, and reptiles. It is caused by various species of protozoa, a one-celled organism - called Sporozoans, that belong to the genus Plasmodium. These parasites are transmitted to humans by the bite of various species of mosquitoes belonging to the genus Anopheles.

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MOSQUITOES - There are approximately 3,500 species of mosquitoes grouped into 41 different genera. Human malaria is transmitted only by the females of the genus or type Anopheles. Of the approximately 430 Anopheles species, perhaps up to 60 types actually transmit malaria, that is, are vectors of the disease.

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MALARIA - Today

The Mosquito

Latest figures claim that over 500 million people, many more than predicted, were bitten by a mosquito, and infected with Malaria, during a twelve month period. For most of us the pain of an insect bite is quite common, but for over two billion of us, a bite from the flying mozzy can result in death. Nearly a third of the planet are at risk from the mosquito-borne parasite, Plasmodium falciparum.

Every year many millions are spent around the world in combating the malaria plague, so the discovery that malaria is far more rampant than anyone had realised is a jolt to all guardians of public health. The fallout from Plasmodium falciparum claims over one million lives a year in sub-Saharan Africa alone, and most of them children under five.

Of the four types of malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum is by far the most hazardous, especially to the poor undernourished, weak or young. It is widespread throughout the tropics, and has developed resistance to any suitable inoculations.

During 1998 the World Health Organisation guessed at there being under three hundred million cases each year. But new evidence and recalculation by the Kenya Medical Research Institute in Nairobi, and the Centre for Tropical Medicine at Oxford University, show there is easily more than one million new cases each day, and because of the countries it is happening in, will mean new deaths.

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TERMS

Culex Pipiens

The Mosquito

Malaria

Plasmodium falciparum

Mosquito A small flying insect that could be described as a type of Fly. It lives worldwide, especially in the tropics. It has long legs and a slender abdomen, Culex Forma. In most species the males feed on plant juices, while the females suck the blood of mammals, quite often transmitting serious diseases, including malaria and yellow fever. The mosquito is not strictly a parasite.

Tiger Mosquito - Named so because of its markings.

There are around 2,500 different species of mosquito throughout the world, of which 150 kinds live in the United States of America. One female can lay over 200 eggs at a time, and these mosquito eggs can survive for more than five years, lying in stasis waiting for a sufficient amount of water to trigger life. Every mosquito need water to complete the first three stages of it's life-cycle.

Not all species want to bite humans; some prefer birds, others prefer horses, and some will even bite frogs and turtles, but like the flea they will go off specie, when survival depends on it. Only the females take blood, the males either never feed or only on plant nectar. When they bite though they can kill.

Size for size, the mosquito can fly extensive distances and whilst some of the genus remain close to their place of birth, others can fly 20 miles or more. In human terms this like around the world twice.

Mosquitoes do not live in grass or shrubbery, their main habitat is the air, although some adults rest in these areas during daylight hours, during the night depending on personal liking . Around 2.5 Million people die each year worldwide. There are even 2,000 cases of Malaria reported in the UK, from travelers and mozzies who have flown in on a jet-plane. Mosquitoes are directly responsible for more human deaths and illnesses than any other living creature. Historically it has been calculated, they are also a clear leader. Depending on how you wish to go back in the time of the human species, the mosquito has killed over FIFTY BILLION PEOPLE.

Parasite - An organism living in or on another organism of a different species, called the host, from which it obtains food and protection. Many parasites have complex life cycles, with one or more intermediate hosts, of different species, supporting them during their development. The study of parasites - parasitology - is of importance in medicine since many parasites, such as bacteria, fungi, either cause or transmit disease. Many plants are either partly or completely parasitic.

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Whilst we try to report all the facts as accurately as possible, we will not be made responsible for any mistakes or errors that maybe inadvertently made.
TERMS

Malaria - What is it?

The FOUR Malaria parasites feed on red blood cells to survive, they are: Plasmodium falciparum * Plasmodium vivax * Plasmodium malariae * Plasmodium ovale

MALARIA

Malaria is a protozoal disease transmitted by several types of the Anopheles Mosquito. The female mosquito, after drinking the blood of a person who already has Malaria, consequently then carries the minute parasitic protozoa of the genus Plasmodium - gametocytes. She is unaffected herself, but on her next feed she will inadvertently inject her victim with this parasite.

Whilst Malaria is mainly spread due to the bite from a mosquito because the malaria parasite is found in red blood cells, it can also be passed on through blood transfusions, organ transplants, or the shared use of needles or syringes contaminated with infected blood. Malaria may also be transmitted from a mother to her fetus before or during delivery - congenital malaria).

Unless this new victim is protected by way of a drug regime, such as NIVAQUINE, they will develop Malaria. Subsequently, every mammal she bites, or feeds off in the future will take on this parasite.

The Plasmodium parasite has a complex several-stage life-cycle, where they need not only the mosquito to infuse the gametocytes, into their host, they also need the host to reproduce them along further into other stages. The infused malaria sporozoites, are carried to the liver where they rapidly infect liver cells. Without causing any indication that the disease is present, these sporozoites undergo a radical change and multiply at a astronomical rate for the next 4 - 5 days. Tens of thousands of asexual stage merozoites are released from each infected liver cell. Taking only a week to as long as a year, these in turn speedily target and invade the victim's red blood cells. The merozoites multiply ten-fold and burst out to infect other red blood cells. This cyclic and immense increase in the parasitic burden, gives rise to the clinical disease we recognize as Malaria. Basically the body's immune system is overwhelmed; there are not enough white-corpuscles to contain all the new foreign bodies, and the red-corpuscles are destroyed.

Not every person infected dies. Some die very quickly, some live for many years, suffering intermittently with the systems that Malaria brings. Ironically it is not in the best interest of the parasite to kill its victims, because it is the infected people who live with this burden, that provide the mosquito with the tainted blood, that infects others, though this an evolutional aspect, nothing sentient.

The Young, weak and old usually get and die from malaria, though if you are not dead within the first month, you should go on to eventually beat the disease.

Malaria, is a very old disease, in as much as it has been recorded in history, and it is believed that even prehistoric man is thought to have suffered from Malaria. It most likely originated in Africa, and went with the infected human migration to the Mediterranean shores, India and South East Asia.

The name Malaria is Italian. In the past it was prevalent in the swampy areas around Rome, and the name is derived from the Italian, (mal-aria) or "bad air". The mosquitoes flourished in these swamps and thus so did the disease, and as the area smelt bad with the swamp gases, like sulphur / sulfur and methane, it was though that the disease came from smelling the bad air. It was also known as Roman Fever.

Today over 500 hundred million people around the world have been exposed to endemic Malaria and it is estimated to cause two and a half million deaths each year, one million of which are children.

When most Westerners go on holiday abroad, they can contact their doctors to find out what inoculations, drugs or precautions they should take when away in a foreign land. Malaria, is generally top of the list as it is so easy to catch; it is so wide spread and without the correct protection a most destructive disease, that can be with you for life.

But it is not only prevalent in tropical areas. The so called Airport Malaria, has become a problem in recent years. A publican working in an establishment close to London's Heathrow Airport became very sick and was found to be suffering from Falciparum Malaria, he had never been out of the country. A lady driving her car past the same airport became ill with Malaria although she too had never been out of the country. Workers unloading a cargo plane at Amsterdam Airport became infected with Malaria.

It is believed that Malaria-carrying mosquitoes were carried on planes from Africa, and released at the destination airport. They may not have lived very long but long enough to feed and pass on their deadly cargo.

The Mosquito

There are billions of mosquitoes in flight, as we speak. But they are only one kind of insect, among billions of other types of insect. It has been calculated that if all insects could be weighed en masse, their total weight would be FOUR TIMES greater than the total weight of all human beings on the planet. In fact there are 200 million insects for every human.

Protection From Malaria

QUININE

Family:                       Rubiaceae
Genus:                       Cinchona
Species:                     officinalis, ledgeriana, succirubra, calisaya
Synonyms:               Quinaquina officinalis, Quinaquina lancifolia, Quinaquina coccinea
Common names:    Quinine bark, quina, quinine, kinakina, China bark, cinchona bark, yellow cinchona, red cinchona, Peruvian bark, Jesuit's bark, quina-quina, calisaya bark, fever tree
Parts Used:             Bark, wood

Protection From Malaria

Quinine, just like aspirin, is found naturally in the bark of a tree; quinine is found in the Cinchona tree and was discovered centuries ago by Peruvian Jesuit Monks in South America. The tree is found mainly in the rainforests along the northern end of the Andes Mountain range. Legend claim that its name, “cinchona” comes from the Countess of Cinchon, whose husband cured her using the bark of this tree. It makes sense because the natives there used it to bring down fevers, hence its other name, “The Fever Tree.” Spanish explorers first arrived here in the 1600s, bringing malaria with them, and they learned about this secret white powder from the natives, who called it, “quinquina”, or “bark of barks.”

Mosquito - Insecticides can be effective in controlling their larvae

In 1640, the Catholic Jesuits brought this drug back to Europe, but it was not popular at all among the English, who did not trust the Catholics. They described it as The Devil's Powder.

Mosquito - A young mosquito emerging from the water for the very first time.

However, in 1679, an English apothecary who secretly used the “Jesuit Powder” cured both King Charles II of England and the son of King Louis XIV of France of a malaria fever. After news of the cure became public, it became popular but extremely expensive; the rich were the only ones who could afford it.

Because of the prevalence of Malaria and the discovery of a cure for this deadly disease, the bark was seriously in demand. It was not until 1820 that quinine itself was isolated from the bark.